REES 2024: Heavy minerals and lithium: Critical minerals for India’s energy security

The surge in electric vehicle adoption, India's ambitious clean energy goals, and growth in infrastructure and construction have significantly increased the demand for heavy minerals and lithium. India has significant reserves of heavy minerals such as ilmenite, rutile, zircon, garnet and sillimanite but lacks adequate downstream processing facilities. This gap in processing capabilities leads to reliance on imports for these processed minerals. Recent discoveries of lithium have not reduced India’s complete dependence on imports due to inadequate exploration and limited processing infrastructure. India must prioritise strategic exploration, incentivise private sector involvement, enhance supply chains, foster international partnerships and streamline regulatory processes to reduce this dependence.

This report analyses the strategic advancements and policy shifts crucial to enhancing India's heavy mineral and lithium sectors. Detailing recent initiatives like the National Critical Minerals Mission and new fiscal incentives, it highlights India's efforts to strengthen domestic capabilities, reduce import reliance, and promote sustainable practices. The comprehensive analysis aims to guide stakeholders through the complexities of the mineral supply chain, from extraction to market readiness.