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The future of parking

by Philipp Willigmann, Sarah Turbek, Ryan Goldsberry
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    02 November 2018

    The future of parking Can providers find a space in the new mobility ecosystem?

    02 November 2018
    • Philipp Willigmann United States
    • Sarah Turbek United States
    • Ryan Goldsberry United States
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    • Introduction
    • Parking today
    • More than space between yellow lines: Creating value in parking
    • Building capabilities for today and tomorrow
    • Conclusion

    ​For drivers, the journey’s end may not always be so unpleasant: The future of mobility promises innovations that may ease the ordeal of parking. And for providers, there’s room enough in the parking space to thrive.

    Introduction

    For many drivers, parking is an unavoidably high-friction experience, whether it involves circling the block, hunting for an elusive curbside opening, or rushing to safely vacate your coveted space as an impatient fellow driver looms in your rearview mirror. It’s the price of getting into your car. As technology has made many of our daily activities increasingly seamless and convenient, from shopping to paying bills—even traveling from point A to point B, thanks to app-based ride-hailing services and real-time traffic updates—parking has stubbornly resisted, remaining among the worst elements of vehicle ownership.

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    But help may be just around the corner: The parking experience could be the next aspect of modern life to be upended by new technologies and business models. And it goes far beyond Internet of Things applications and more ubiquitous connectivity making parking more efficient and painless by increasing visibility—longer-term trends around shared mobility and the emergence of autonomous vehicles could dramatically change overall demand and the types and locations of parking infrastructure needed to accommodate cars and trucks. Some incumbent parking players as well as new technology entrants are already working to capitalize on these developments by creating new and innovative solutions to regulate demand, optimize supply, and better meet consumer needs.

    In many cases, shifts in the world of parking will likely require walking a razor-thin line, as players across the mobility ecosystem seek to meet the demands of today’s customers and the current transportation environment while preparing for a future that could look significantly different as shared and ultimately autonomous vehicles become fixtures of the landscape.

    Parking today

    The US parking market is relatively stable and consolidated, generating roughly US$30 billion in gross parking revenue annually.1 A wide range of players are involved—most fundamentally, parking operators that plan and manage facilities while providing necessary staff and technology. Those facilities vary by location (on-street, off-street, off-street multilevel, corporate/university campus), fee type (timed, membership), and real estate type (owned, leased, management contract). Local governments own most public parking lots and facilities, occasionally granting control to parking operators, and often manage streetside parking.2

    That relative market stability belies a number of persistent, underlying challenges. Lack of transparency, with respect to both availability and pricing, often creates consumer frustration and considerable economic costs. Americans on average spend 17 hours per year searching for parking, resulting in a cost of US$345 per driver in wasted time, fuel, and emissions.3 Those costs jump in major metropolitan areas: Drivers in New York spend 107 hours and US$2,243 annually. For local businesses, pricing policies and rates can negatively affect customer traffic.4 That leaves a delicate balancing act for many cities, as they seek to ensure sufficient parking to meet residents’ and visitors’ needs and foster economic growth, while avoiding unnecessarily tying up valuable real estate and encouraging more traffic than streets can handle.5 Many municipalities also rely on significant revenue from parking fees, raising the stakes further: The 25 largest US cities collected roughly US$1.5 billion total from parking in 2016.6

    Finally, parking operators see a growing array of technological solutions, but the highest-profile are aimed at helping drivers find and pay for parking, with few holistically addressing operators’ business needs. While the airline and rental-car industries have found ways to use data to inform demand-planning algorithms, parking operators have not yet adopted standard solutions. They face an additional challenge in that their assets are generally immobile, limiting the ability to redistribute capacity. Complicating the situation is the frequent incompatibility between legacy infrastructure and newer solutions.

    No-stopping zone: Technology-driven change comes to parking

    Parking is inextricably linked to broader patterns of how people and goods move around—and those patterns are in the midst of transformative change. Driven by a series of converging forces (see figure 1), the entire way we get from point A to B is evolving.7 The result could be a new mobility ecosystem that provides faster, cheaper, cleaner, safer, and more efficient transportation than today.

    Converging forces are transforming mobility

    Already, advances in vehicle connectivity, smart infrastructure, and IoT applications are changing the possibilities for parking. Sensor-equipped physical assets, such as garages and street meters, can offer operators real-time space availability and maintenance-needs updates, while feeding digital aggregator platforms with pricing data and license-plate recognition-based payment systems. For the consumer, such features can reduce search times and create a more seamless experience. For operators, it can enable more efficient use of assets and increase revenue by reducing the number of customers who give up and leave a lot, ramp, or neighborhood due to a perceived lack of space, while facilitating more dynamic and flexible pricing throughout the day or week.8 As cameras and other sensors become more cost-effective and data-processing capabilities grow, providers’ ability to react to changes in the environment is only likely to increase.

    Even as technology available today offers significant opportunities, the intersection of ride-hailing and autonomous vehicles—along with new modes of transportation such as e-scooters and bikesharing—could fundamentally reshape the parking landscape in the coming years. The parking industry is predicated on widespread use of private, driver-driven automobiles, but Deloitte’s forecasts suggest that by 2040, more than half of the miles traveled in the United States could occur in shared autonomous vehicles,9 which would rarely need to park—at least not in the ways parking has traditionally occurred (idle throughout an entire workday, for example).

    While the timing and impact of these trends is uncertain, many areas could see less general demand for parking. That’s likely to be especially true in dense urban areas that are or become well served by shared self-driving fleets, public transit, and other mobility options, enabling people to substitute away from personal vehicles. At the same time, the need for space to maintain those fleets could increase, along with demand for new types of spaces such as pick-up/drop-off zones and electric-vehicle charging stations.

    More than space between yellow lines: Creating value in parking

    As the future of mobility unfolds, the future of parking will likely be driven by those able to develop innovative solutions to manage demand, optimize supply, and better meet consumer needs with the support of digital technologies and processes. Success will depend in part on players’ ability to address the challenges of today while preparing for the changes that the industry will likely face in the future. In particular, new and important opportunities will likely materialize around:

    Value-add services. Real estate companies and management firms that operate parking facilities could look to maximize their competitive advantage by adding services to existing parking space. That could include electric-vehicle charging stations, enhanced security features, automated parking that uses sensors and lifts to place cars optimally and improve retrieval times, and vehicle servicing and maintenance—all of which provide opportunities for facilities to differentiate themselves and charge a premium. Airports in Houston, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, and elsewhere have implemented valet parking services in recent years as a way to increase revenue.10

    Space management. Data analytics and telematics can enable a frictionless process that matches vehicles with parking spots, with utilization optimized based on supply and demand. Spanish company Urbiotica, for example, in 2016 implemented an automated parking solution for Audi’s factory in Ingolstadt, Germany, which houses more than 40,000 employees. Using sensors to detect vehicles entering and leaving each parking sector, the system calculates occupancy data and communicates real-time availability via digital displays, guiding drivers to free spaces and reducing congestion.11 Cities such as Jacksonville, Florida, have used street sensors to launch mobile apps enabling drivers to find available on-street parking spaces in real time, as well as the locations of parking garages and lots.12

    Flexible facilities. With increased use of ridesharing and the coming availability of autonomous vehicles that might rarely need to park, lot operators may be able to convert existing facilities or design new ones in ways that enable multifunctional use or repurposing as a hedge against a future with less need for parking. The structural requirements of a parking garage (load-bearing needs, floor slopes, etc.) diverge in important ways from those needed for a retail or residential space, but some design firms are already planning for such convertibility (see figure 2).13 Ultimately, real estate developers and parking operators may need to make a difficult choice between spending more today or risking having an underutilized facility in the future.

    Payments and pricing. Seamless payments (potentially integrated with other transportation costs such as public transit passes or tolling) and dynamic pricing can provide opportunities for both public and private operators. A pioneer in dynamic pricing, San Francisco launched a demand-responsive pricing program that manages public parking on a block-by-block, time-band by time-band basis.14 In December 2017, the city rolled out the program to all 28,000 parking spaces on public streets and 14 city-operated garages, using a real-time, algorithmic methodology to generate optimal parking rates. Many cities are also embracing well-tested mobile payment technology. For example, Philadelphia’s meterUP app enables mobile payment at all kiosks and meters in the city, allowing drivers to remotely add time to their parking sessions, abort a session early to avoid wasting unused minutes, and prepay for parking.15 Such data could potentially be monetized: Local merchants, for instance, could be interested in leveraging it for planning purposes or to push offers to nearby customers.

    Different ways to design flexible parking structures

    Building capabilities for today and tomorrow

    In the near term, providers have an opportunity to significantly improve the customer experience while simultaneously gaining a more holistic, accurate, and real-time picture of how facilities are being used, potentially enabling smarter use of space. Over the horizon, as many of the longstanding tenets of American transportation are likely to come into question in the face of new technologies and new services, the parking landscape looks to become increasingly unsettled. In the face of those challenges, players should look to build the capabilities needed to succeed today, while keeping an eye firmly fixed on how mobility is evolving in the markets they serve. In particular, parking operators—whether public or private—should pay particular attention to:

    Customer experience. Today, many parking managers and government agencies receive feedback by tracking historical data. As data becomes more readily available for space owners and drivers alike, developing a more user-friendly customer experience is increasingly possible—and likely to be ever more necessary, as consumers bring heightened expectations from smoother e-commerce and other interactions.

    Technology and data analytics. Data analytics and a modern IT infrastructure to ensure real-time tracking and end-to-end visibility are likely to increasingly be foundational competencies in the parking space. Players should also look broadly across the landscape of available technology capabilities to things such as mobile payments, telematics, crowdsourcing, IoT applications, and blockchain for ways to add value and improve operations.

    Location management. Location is, of course, critical in parking, and effectively selecting and managing sites is important for predicting and planning for customer behavior and traffic patterns. Rather than creating customized parking plans for each location, providers establishing repeatable processes and working with relevant government agencies to create flexible regulatory requirements as parking demands change will help reduce planning costs. Providers should also seek to anticipate how land usage could change in the future to minimize the risks of being saddled with underutilized or unneeded facilities.

    Efficient pricing systems and demand management. For companies in the private parking industry, competitive pricing is important in areas where parking services are widely available. For governments, efficient pricing is necessary to strike a balance between encouraging drivers to visit key business areas and avoiding congestion and long search times. Visibility into parking utilization and traffic can enable dynamic pricing systems that better match supply and demand.

    Strong partnerships. Industry operators that compete for management contracts at public and private properties should develop strong relationships with various partners to ensure their operations’ longevity and create a differentiated and more-valuable service. Providers could partner with automotive OEMs to plan together for new vehicular parking needs, with technology companies to create new solutions to improve the customer experience, with finance and payment companies to develop novel ways to collect revenue from parking, or even with local pop-up businesses to manage variability in parking demands. Government agencies might need to collaborate with each other to effectively coordinate policies across jurisdictions and domains—for example, the parking authority working with economic development agencies or the local parks department.

    Robust cost management. Parking is an asset-heavy industry due to the cost of real estate and infrastructure: One study estimated the median cost per space when building a new structure at roughly US$20,000.16 However, efficient management of resources and streamlining of processes through technologies such as robotics and automation could help recoup upfront asset costs faster than traditional methods. This could include digitizing and automating contracts, tracking usage to redistribute risk and cost, or even creating a platform to invite new investors.

    Conclusion

    To the uninitiated, parking may seem like a staid industry immune to the dramatic technology-driven changes that have swept so many corners of the economy. But even in an industry that is, at its core, about physical space, digital technologies present a host of opportunities and challenges. Today, there is a significant opening to apply technologies to create a more user-friendly, efficient, and valuable parking experience.

    Changes to parking options—and realizing gains—will not happen overnight, and moving to a smart parking environment will take coordination and cooperation among a variety of players: operators, governments, payments providers, technology companies, and more. For those willing to not only look at today’s needs but anticipate tomorrow’s challenges, they may find that parking can be an important enabler—rather than a victim—of the future of mobility.

    Authors

    Philipp Willigmann is a senior manager in Deloitte Consulting LLP’s Strategy practice, Monitor Deloitte. He is based in New York.
    Sarah Turbek is a manager in Deloitte Consulting LLP’s Customer Strategy and Applied Design practice. She is based in New York.
    Ryan Goldsberry is a specialist leader in Deloitte’s Transportation group. He is based in Charlotte, North Carolina.

    Acknowledgments

    The authors would like to issue special thanks to the following advisers and contributors whose insights were invaluable for the creation of this paper: Ken Meyer, Todd Ramsey, Vicky Chen, Surabhi Kejriwal, Derek Pankratz, Narayan Parasuram, Scott Corwin, and Rebecca Sperling.

    Cover image by: Traci Daberko

    Endnotes
      1. International Parking Institute, “Overview of the US parking industry,” accessed September 21, 2018; Bureau of Transportation Statistics, “Number of US aircraft, vehicles, vessels, and other conveyances” and “US vehicle-miles,” accessed September 20, 2018. View in article

      2. Andrew R. Long, “Urban parking as economics solution,” International Parking Institute, accessed October 9, 2018. View in article

      3. INRIX Research, “Searching for parking costs Americans $73 billion a year,” press release, July 12, 2017. View in article

      4. Kent Hymel, “Do parking fees affect retail sales? Evidence from Starbucks,” Economics of Transportation 3, no. 3 (2014): pp. 221–33. View in article

      5. Justin Fox, “America has a lot of parking spaces. It’s a problem,” Bloomberg Opinion, July 22, 2018. View in article

      6. Governing, “Special report: How autonomous vehicles could constrain city budgets,” accessed October 9, 2018. View in article

      7. Scott Corwin and Derek M. Pankratz, Forces of change: The future of mobility, Deloitte Insights, November 16, 2017. View in article

      8. Eric Jaffe, “Just because you can’t find a place to park doesn’t mean there aren’t way too many parking spots,” CityLab, January 14, 2015. View in article

      9. Scott Corwin et al., Gearing for change: preparing for transformation in the automotive ecosystem, Deloitte University Press, September 29, 2016. View in article

      10. Benet Wilson, “Valet parking offers attractive revenue creation,” Airport Business, May 7, 2018. View in article

      11. Urbiotica, “Project description: Guidance for employees parking in Audi,” accessed September 21, 2018. View in article

      12. City of Jacksonville, “Downtown gets smart on parking,” February 5, 2013. View in article

      13. Alan Ohnsman, “The end of parking lots as we know them: Designing for a driverless future,” Forbes, May 18, 2018; Gensler Research Institute, The state of parking: Our progression towards automation, 2016. View in article

      14. Ben Jose, “San Francisco adopts demand-responsive pricing program to make parking easier,” SFMTA, December 5, 2017. View in article

      15. Philadelphia Parking Authority, “PPA to expand widely popular meterUP mobile payment app,” July 26, 2018. View in article

      16. Gary Cudney, “Parking structure cost outlook for 2017,” Carl Walker, accessed September 20, 2018. View in article

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    Topics in this article

    Automotive , Digital Transformation , Future of Mobility , Technology , Transportation & Logistics , Technology Industry , Europe Middle East Africa (EMEA) , Consumer Industry

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    Philipp Willigmann

    Philipp Willigmann

    Senior Manager

    Philipp is a Monitor Deloitte strategy senior manager. He has more than 10 years of experience acting as trusted advisor to senior executives and boards driving strategic growth transformations for multi-national clients facing unprecedented market uncertainty by capturing value from innovative business models to enable growth. His projects have focused on strategy development, scenario planning, change management, governance, and large-scale organizational and digital transformation. Philipp co-leads Deloitte Consulting Market Sensing & Scenario Planning practice. Prior to this role, Philipp assumed several leadership positions across Deloitte US, Germany, and Deloitte Global, including deputy leader of Deloitte’s Global Future of Mobility practice, head of US/German Center of Practice, and Office of the Global CEO. Before joining Deloitte, he was a manager at Europcar International and Accor Hotels. Philipp holds a Master from Corporate University Mannheim (D), Ashcraft Business School, University of Cambridge (UK) as well as executive leadership degree’s from IMD International (CH), University Bamberg (DE), and European Business School “ebs” (DE).

    • phwilligmann@deloitte.com
    • +1 347 549 2804
    Sarah Turbek

    Sarah Turbek

    Sarah Turbek is a manager in Deloitte Consulting LLP’s Customer Strategy and Applied Design practice. She partners with clients to create transformative experiences and digitally supported practices, bringing together innovation around business model, operating model, product design, and customer research. 

    • sarahturbek@deloitte.com
    • +1 347 205 4633
    Ryan Goldsberry

    Ryan Goldsberry

    Specialist Leader | Deloitte Consulting LLP

    Ryan is a specialist leader with Deloitte Consulting LLP with more than 20 years of experience in the automotive industry. He has managed consulting engagements in transportation, telecommunications, energy, and financial services. Ryan uses his background in both strategic marketing and operations to assist clients struggling with disruptive change. Prior to joining Deloitte, Ryan successfully turned around several automotive businesses and has advised clients in technology, energy, publishing, and financial services. He holds a Bachelor of Science in mechanical and aerospace engineering from Cornell University, a master’s in manufacturing systems from the University of Michigan, and a Master of Business Administration from Stanford University.

    • rygoldsberry@deloitte.com
    • +1 980 312 3658

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