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Perspectives
Unleashing blockchain in finance
CFO insights
In this issue of CFO Insights, we will explain blockchain’s defining characteristics, explore its potential roles within finance, and help finance chiefs familiarize themselves with its benefits.
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For blockchain, the future is now
The distributed ledger technology first gained prominence years ago as the backbone of bitcoin, the pioneering crypto-currency. But while the digital currency’s value has fluctuated, blockchain’s potential as a groundbreaking technology for business, capable of slicing through layers of inefficiency, is gaining momentum.
In Deloitte’s 2018 global blockchain survey, which drew responses from 1,053 executives across seven countries, 74 percent reported that their organizations see a “compelling business case” for using blockchain technology.1 Fueling that interest is a growing awareness of the value blockchain can drive as a platform that integrates operational processes such as supply chain, customer/channel operations, and service with finance processes. In doing so, the technology may replace today’s siloed approach to transaction processing, with its multiple handoffs and time-consuming data entry and reconciliations.
In addition to driving significant efficiencies and cycle-time reductions, blockchain provides full end-to-end transparency across operations and finance, enabling predictive operational insights and opportunities to optimize working capital. Little wonder that a recent report in Deloitte’s Crunch time series points out that “Blockchain has the potential to reshape processes that are defined inside finance, primarily because of its cost and control benefits.”2
Now is the time for CFOs to act. In Deloitte’s global blockchain survey, more than two-thirds of respondents say their companies will lose a competitive advantage if they do not adopt blockchain.3
How blockchain works
Put simply, a blockchain serves as a distributed, shared ledger that can be integrated with the existing applications (enterprise resource planning (ERP), order entry, etc.) of one or many trading partners. On blockchains for business, participants are invited to join, and their identity is controlled with cryptographic keys. Before any financial transaction is updated to a blockchain, its validity must be verified by the participants through a consensus protocol. Each piece of data in a block is encrypted and each block is linked to the prior block with a unique identifier (a “hash”). Transactions recorded on the blockchain are updated almost simultaneously and distributed across the network of participants’ computers, with each having an exact copy. If anyone tries to modify data in a block, the hash notifies participants.
Blockchain can also execute rules for processing a transaction by means of pre-agreed “smart contracts,” which are business rules converted into computer code (see Getting smart about smart contracts, CFO Insights, July 2017). Once the parties have agreed to certain conditions, the self-executing and self-enforcing code automatically implements the contract terms.4 The arrival of a certain shipment at an agreed-upon day and time, for example, triggers an immediate message from the customer to the supplier—notification that the payment process has been initiated.
The technology has several key attributes that make it uniquely suited to enable direct and trusted interaction between two business trading parties.
Those characteristics include:
- Cryptographic security. To write to, or read, any private blockchain requires the use of two cryptographic keys. A “public key” consists of numbers generated at random that lead a user to where the data is stored; a “private key” resembles a password, permitting access to certain digital assets.
- Privacy. Blockchains come in both a public and permissioned (private) incarnation. With bitcoin, participants could come and go without any permission. But on a permissioned blockchain, which would be used for financial applications, companies must be invited to participate.
- Built-in redundancy. Blockchain’s decentralized structure means that every computer in the network harbors a copy of the database. Should one fail, there are many others. More important, there is no single point of failure.
- Process integrity. In addition to having the correct credentials, users can only update the blockchain once a consensus of participants has validated the information.
As finance grows increasingly automated and digitized, blockchain will increase in strategic importance. As noted in Crunch time IV: Blockchain for finance: “Business blockchains can operate as standalone solutions, but the value realized increases significantly when they’re combined with other technologies, such as automation or artificial intelligence, to reimagine an entire end-to-end process.”5
What blockchain does
Blockchain can be used to remake a wide range of finance processes: intercompany transactions (when there are multiple ERPs), procure-to-pay, order-to-cash, rebates, warranties, and financing (such as trade finance, letters of credit, and invoice factoring). Any place paper piles up presents an opportunity for blockchain to move in and knock it down.
For example, using blockchain as a transaction platform for a supply chain can improve performance.6 Companies connected to blockchain-powered platforms can boost the efficiency of traditional letters of credit, which require an abundance of documentation and time. The back-and-forth transaction, conducted among parties on a shared platform, could conceivably be completed in hours, compared to the five days a paper-based system devours. Blockchain can also reduce the cost and friction involved in repetitive finance tasks, cutting both errors and delays. In a typical accounts payable or receivable function, an inordinate amount of time can be wasted reconciling the supplier’s data with that of the buyer. Having both parties share access to a single source of truth can eliminate such inefficiencies.
By providing a single source of truth—certified by all participants involved—blockchain eliminates the need to continually confirm that the transaction record on one CFO’s screen matches that of his or her counterpart’s on the other side of a deal. By giving finance leaders a real-time picture of a given financial situation—even an intercompany transaction, which involves such shifting components as tax laws, exchange rates, and compliance requirements—blockchain equips them to improve their decision-making.
Where blockchain fits
Beyond its impact on any individual organization or function, blockchain may ultimately disrupt paper-clogged industries, such as health care and insurance. At this point, the earliest rumbles of those upheavals are now barely audible. Among respondents to the 2018 global blockchain survey, 84 percent say that blockchain will eventually reach mainstream adoption.
Yet, half of the respondents reported that blockchain is either not among their organization’s top five strategic priorities (29 percent) or not a strategic priority at all (21 percent).7 They are choosing to take a wait-and-see approach, likely because they can’t figure out where to start.
For now, CFOs should consider beginning the journey with a few steps that can provide them with a better understanding of the technology. From there, they can identify and prioritize the finance pain points that the technology could potentially address.
Here are a few steps for CFOs to consider:
- Assign a blockchain champion. Blockchain should be a business-led initiative, requiring strong sponsorship and leadership provided from the ranks of finance executives. The designated leader can assign a few junior resources to study the ever-growing body of literature about blockchain. While doing so, they can start to envision how the various functions might benefit from implementing blockchain, identify value drivers, and build business case frameworks.
- Invest in talent. Pull together a focused cross-section team from supply chain, customer/channel operations, service, and finance to identify and prioritize pain points that could be targeted and develop a hypothesis around how the use of blockchain will solve the business problem. Make sure this group represents professionals from both the functional and technical teams within the ecosystem.
- Forget the technology. Focus on how blockchain will potentially disrupt or shift your operating model. The process involves understanding the transformative nature of blockchain, then talking with customers, suppliers, and C-suite peers to identify potential use cases. Given that blockchain’s value proposition relies on multiparty transactions, select external partners who share the business challenge you are focused on and are therefore likely to be receptive to participating sometime in the future. Internally, engage your C-suite peers in the ongoing journey. Since blockchain validates data at the source, it will set a new standard for data integrity that can be applied across the enterprise—ultimately redefining core processes.
- Think big, start small, and iterate often. Understanding the “art of the possible” is creating a lot of excitement, but where to start? Blockchain’s capabilities may be put to more efficient use in the external world, but as an introduction to the technology, it may be best to focus on an internal issue, such as intercompany transactions. This can provide the opportunity to safely learn more about the technology, gain experience in solution design, and acquire confidence from doing an implementation. Then, the team can leverage its knowledge of, and experience with, blockchain in the outside world.
- Launch a pilot. Having identified finance pain points, select a use case where blockchain will likely produce a real return on investment (ROI). Track the results, especially transaction times and costs, to judge the technology’s suitability for larger-scale iterative processes.
For CFOs, blockchain is one of many tools that can reshape the finance function process by process. Like artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, predictive analytics, and big data, blockchain has matured to the point where it’s unwise for finance leaders to hesitate. Only by gaining a practical understanding of blockchain now can CFOs position finance to fully realize its benefits by the time it reaches the mainstream.
Questioning blockchain
Before your company begins evaluating blockchain, CFOs should look for certain answers:
- How can I try blockchain? Blockchain enables the finance function to do more than replatform existing processes; it invites reimagining those processes. In addition to—or instead of—exploring the technology with current customers, products, and models, it may be more helpful to plot out how blockchain might fit into the function’s evolving model, which likely involves additional automation and implementation of technologies such as AI and Internet of Things.
- Are my employees ready for blockchain? A distributed ledger is more than a buzzy new technology; it represents a significant change in how workers interact internally as well as how the company deals with suppliers and customers. Before ushering in a new paradigm of trust, make sure finance employees understand, for example, that a smart contract fundamentally changes the decision-making process, effectively delegating specific judgments to a line of code.
- Are there others in my industry I can learn from? Blockchain has fostered collaboration in competitive industries, such as insurance and health care. Such consortia, consisting of half a dozen or more companies, aim to establish cross-industry working practices, seeking to implement standards that will cut costs.
- Do I have the right vendors? As loyal as they may be, long-time, incumbent vendors may not offer the best route to helping finance tap into the blockchain ecosystem. Even for multinational firms, less traditional and more cutting-edge vendors may be more attuned to incorporating blockchain into procurement and sourcing models.
- Given blockchain’s many potential use cases, should I just assume my function needs it? Blockchain is only as promising as it is useful for your business. No matter how appealing and futuristic it may seem, randomly applying blockchain to solve a lingering problem will neither efficiently address the problem nor sufficiently exploit the technology. To avoid unrealistic expectations and wasted dollars, identify an appropriate business problem before making any decision about whether to implement the technology.
JP Morgan: Making bank with blockchain
Banks are actively rethinking how blockchain can enable them to reinvent various forms of financing such as trade finance, letters of credit, and invoice factoring.
Earlier this year, JP Morgan Chase became the first bank in the country to launch its own blockchain-based digital currency. JPM Coin is designed for use strictly by the bank’s clients, who can leverage JP Morgan’s permissioned blockchain to transfer payments between institutional accounts almost instantaneously. Any money exchanged over blockchain is converted into digital tokens, with each JPM Coin valued at one dollar.
The digital currency should enable the bank to reduce risk, save money, and improve efficiency in business-to-business payments. And while JPM Coin operates on Quorum, the bank’s own blockchain, it is also compatible with all standard blockchains.
Theoretically, that means that the JPM Coin could eventually be made available to consumers. While there are no announced plans to do so, the token’s introduction represents a significant—and surprising—step. Theoretically, that means that the JPM Coin could eventually be made available to consumers. While there are no announced plans to do so, the token’s introduction represents a significant—and surprising—step.
Endnotes
1 Breaking blockchain open: 2018 global blockchain survey, Deloitte Consulting LLP, January 2019.
2 Crunch time IV: Blockchain for finance, Deloitte Development LLC, 2018.
3 Breaking blockchain open: 2018 global blockchain survey, Deloitte Consulting LLP, January 2019.
4 Getting smart about smart contracts, CFO Insights, CFO Program, Deloitte LLP, June 2016.
5 Crunch time IV: Blockchain for finance, Deloitte Development LLC, 2018.
6 When two chains combine: Supply chain meets blockchain, Deloitte Consulting LLP, 2017.
7 Breaking blockchain open: 2018 global blockchain survey, Deloitte Consulting LLP, January 2019.
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The CFO Program brings together a multidisciplinary team of Deloitte leaders and subject matter specialists to help CFOs stay ahead in the face of growing challenges and demands. The Program harnesses our organization’s broad capabilities to deliver forward thinking and fresh insights for every stage of a CFO’s career—helping CFOs manage the complexities of their roles, tackle their company’s most compelling challenges, and adapt to strategic shifts in the market.
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Deloitte CFO Insights are developed with the guidance of Dr. Ajit Kambil, global research director, CFO Program, Deloitte LLP; and Lori Calabro, senior manager, CFO Education & Events, Deloitte LLP. Special thanks for Josh Hyatt, manager/journalist CFO Program, Deloitte LLP, for his contributions to this edition.
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